CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

EVS- NOTES FOR C-TET PAPER-01

Going to school:

• The bamboo and rope bridge is being used in – ASSAM
• The trolly – LADAKH
• Cement bridge – Normal Areas or Over Water
• Vallam (small wooden boat) – KERALA
• Camel cart – RAJASTHAN
• Bullock carts – Villages in Plains
• The paths are rocky and uneven- In mountains – UTTARAKHAND
• A bird has its eyes on its head and the holes are covered with feathers-they help them to hear.
• Lizard has the same kind of ears!
• Crocodile too has its eyes like this but we can’t see them.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

DIFFERENT PATTERNS ON THE ANIMALS ARE DUE TO THE HAIR ON THEIR SKIN

– Without hair on an animal’s body there would be no pattern! [ CTET-Sept2016]

• Animals with ears, hair on the body – GIVES BIRTH
• Animals with no ears outside the body – LAYS EGGS
• The oldest female elephant becomes the head of the herd.
• There’s no male elephant in the herd- they left as they turn 14 or 15!
• An adult elephant can eat up to 100kgs of leaves and twigs in one day.
• Elephants sleep for only two to four hours a day.
• The mud keeps their skin cool.
• Their big ears also work like fans- they flap these to keep themselves cool.
• There are 10 to 12 female elephants and young ones in a herd.
• Khejadi village is near JODHPUR in Rajasthan.
• Places were built by woods at that time- about 300 years ago!
• The people of this village were called BISHNOIS .
• The KHEJADI tree can grow up without much water.
• It gives beans and Don’t get affected by insects.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

 

• Story from BOCHACHA village in MUZZAFARPUR district in BIHAR.
• Honeybees lay their eggs from October to December.
• Every beehive has one Queen Bee that lays eggs.
• There are only few males in the hive.
• Most of the bees in the hive are worker bees.
• The male bees have no special role as workers.

Train is started from GANDHIDHAM in KUTCH – GUJRAT 

• Food of GUJRAT- dhokla with chutney, lemon rice, mithai.
• AHMEDABAD and Valsad are in GUJRAT.
• Kozhikode is in KERALA.
• Madgaon is in GOA.
• There are total 2000 bridges and 92 tunnels in the route from Goa to Kerala.
• Kozhikode is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast- it is also known as CALICUT.
• On the way to Gujrat to Kerala, the train crosses – MAHARASHTRA, GOA, KARNATAKA.
• Kottayam is the town in the Indian state of KERALA.






• Language where it is spoken (state)

 

1. Malayalam                               Kerala

 

2. Konkani                       Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa and    in some part of Kerala.

3. Marathi                        Maharashtra, Goa, Daman &   Diu, Dadra & Nagar haveli

4. Gujarati                          Gujrat
5. Kannada                 Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,       Tamil Nadu, MH

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

 

Ferry is a kind of boat used in Kerala.

The details you can find on a train ticket –

.  The train number.

.  The date of start of the journey.

.  The berth and coach numbers.

.  The fare (the cost of the ticket).

.  The distance (in kms).

 

. The flower valley can be found in the hills of Uttarakhand.

.  Flowers Like marigolds, zenial are used to dye clothes.

.  The KANNAUJ district in Uttar Pradesh is famous for art making.

. State on map KERALA & MAHARASHTRA ____

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

MADHUBANI PAINTING:

• The design in the picture is called ‘Madhubani’.
• It is a very old form of folk art.
• Do you know why it is called Madhubani?
• There is a district in Bihar called Madhubani.
• These paintings are made out of paste of powdered rice in which color has been mixed.
• To make these, indigo (Neel), turmeric (Haldi), colors from flowers and trees, etc., are used.
• The paintings show human beings, animals, trees, flowers, birds, fish and many other animals.
• Belvanika village is in Karnataka.
• Gijubhai Badheka lived in Gujarat. He wrote many stories for children.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• An Indian robin lays its eggs in between of stones along road side.
• Koel lays its egg in crow’s nest.
• Birds use the nest only to lay their eggs.
• After the eggs have hatched and the chicks have grown, they leave the nest.
• Nallamada is in Andhra Pradesh.
• Holgundi is in Karnataka.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• The children’s panchayat was called Bhima Sangh in Hilgundi.
• ABOUT BANYAN TREE- What looks like the hanging branches are actually the roots of the tree.
• Desert Oak is a tree that is found in Australia.
• Oak tree’s roots go deep into the ground till they reach water. This water is stored in the tree trunk.
• Bihu festival is celebrated in Assam on the occasion of new rice crop.
• Magh Bihu is celebrated on 14th and 15th of January or in the 1st & 2nd Magh, the tenth month of Assamese calender.
• They make bhela ghar from bamboo.
• Mukhtapur village is in the Pochampalli district of Andhra Pradesh.
• Traditional occupations are carpet weaving, toy making, Itr(perfume) production, etc.
• These things have become famous by the name of the place where they are made like– Kullu shawls, Madhubani paintings, Assam silk, Kashmiri embroidery, etc.
• Abu Dhabi is in UAE ( UNITED ARAB EMIRATES).
• Currency of Abu Dhabi is Dirham.
• Chittappan – Father’s younger brother in Malayalam.
• Kunjamma – Father’s younger brother’s wife in Malayalam.






• In Kerala you can see many fruit trees like – Coconuts, Bananas, Jackfruit, Papaya, Betelnut etc.
• The only tree which grows in desert is Date Palms.
• You can find various spices in Kerala like- Tejpatta, Cardamoms and Black pepper.
• Garam masala is made of small and big cardamom, clove, cumin seeds (zeera), cinnamon, black pepper, dry ginger etc.
• This is the story of lieutenant commander Wahida Prism who is a doctor in the Indian navy.
• She is the first woman to lead a parade.
• Wahida Prism is from Thannamandi which is in Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Total number of commands in a parade is 36.
• Tibetan also called Bhoti is the language spoken in ladakh.
• Mother in bhoti language- aama-le.
• Father in bhoti language- aaba-le.
• As the ants move, they leave a smell on the ground. The other ants follow the smell to find the way.
• A silk worm can find its female worm from many kilometers away by her smell.
• Mosquitoes can find people by the smell of their body.
• They also find them by the smell of the sole of their feet and the heat of their body.
• Dogs mark out their own area on the road.
• They can make out if another dog has come into their area by the smell of its urine or potty.
• Most of the birds have their eyes on either side of the head and their eyes can focus on two different things at a time.
• When they look straight ahead, both their eyes focus on the same object.
• In most of the birds, eyes are fixed and cannot move that’s why birds have to turn their heads to see around.
• Some birds like Kites, Eagles, Vultures can see four times as far as we can.
• These birds can see things from a distance of eight meters what we can see from a distance of two meters.
• Animals cannot see as many colors as we can- It is believed that animals that are awake in the daytime can see some colors.
• Those animals that are awake at night can see things only in black and white colors.
• Birds ears are small holes covered with feathers.
• Snakes are deaf and they only feel vibrations on the ground.
• Some birds and animals have different sounds for different situations such as for danger or happiness- e.g Langur, Tiger or leopard.
• Some animals start behaving in a different way when an earthquake or storm is about to come.
• People who live in forests and can observe such behavior of animals come to know danger.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

ABOUT SLEEP

• Lizards go into a long, deep sleep for almost a season.
• Cow sleeps around 4 hours.
• Python sleeps around 18 hours.
• Giraffe sleeps around 2 hours.
• Cat sleeps around 12 hours.

– Things you need to know about the TIGER!

• A tiger can see six times better at night than most of us.
• The tiger’s whiskers are very sensitive and can sense the movements or vibrations in the air.
• They help the tiger move in the dark and find its prey.
• A tiger’s sense of hearing is so sharp that it can make out the difference between the rustling of leaves and sound of an animal moving on the grass.
• The ears of the tiger can move in different directions and this helps to catch him the sounds from all around.
• Tigers make different sounds for different purposes e.g- when it is angry, when it callout a tigress.
• It can also roar or snarl. its roar can be heard up to 3kms away.
• Danger To Animals!
• The tiger is one of the most alert animals. And yet, today tigers are in danger.
• Elephants are killed for their tusks, rhinoceros for its horn, tigers, crocodiles and snakes for their skins.
• Musk deer are killed just to make a little scent from its musk.
• Some forest areas that are protected by our government these are:






• THE JIM CORBETT NATIONAL PARK in UTTRAKHAND and ‘GHANA’ in BHARATPUR district of RAJASTHAN.
• In these areas nobody can hunt animals or destroy the jungle.
• A Snake Charmer’s Story!
• Sapera’s are also called KALBELIYAS.
• NAAG GUMPHAN- Designs of this kind are used in Rangoli, embroidery and as well decoration in Saurashtra, Gujrat and South India.
• The Snake Charmers recognize a snake bite by its bite marks.
• The snake charmers collect or make many medicines with the help of plants, which they found in forests.
• Snakes are helpful for farmers as they eat rats in the fields, otherwise rats would eat the crops.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

– ONLY FOUR TYPES OF SNAKES ARE POISONOUS IN INDIA!

• Cobra,
• Common krait,
• Russel’s viper (Duboiya),
• Saw- scaled viper (Afai).
• A snake has two hollow teeth ( fangs). The poison enters the person’s body through these fangs.
• The medicine for a snake bite is made from the snake’s poison and is available in all govt. hospitals.

– From Tasting to Digesting:

 

 

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• Our stomach’s temperature is about 30°C.
• The juice in our stomach is acidic in nature.
• Most rice grows in Kalahandi district (Odisha).
• Rice is even sent to other states from here.
• Despite of that much production of rice – There are many poor people in Kalahandi.
• Muslin cloth is used to strain something.
• Atreyapuram town is in Andhra Pradesh.
• Glass jars and bottles are dried well in the sun before filling them with pickles so that no moisture is left in them.
• Given below are some food items and some simple methods by which these could be kept fresh for 1-2 days.

• CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

Wandering seeds!

• The seeds are great travelers! They can reach far and wide.
• The seeds has many tiny hooks which get stuck to clothes or fur. They can also travel through water.
• When the soyabean pods are ripe, they burst and the seeds are thrown out.
• GREEN CHILLIES, TOMATO and POTATO were brought to INDIA by traders coming from South America.
• FROM EUROPE – Cabbage and Pea were brought.
• FROM AFRICA – COFFEE Beans and Green Bhindi.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

EVERY DROP COUNTS

• This chapter talks about a place named GHADISAR. Sar means a lake.
• There was the school on the Ghat.
• This is the story of JAISALMER.
• There were nine lakes and they can be filled with a single lake.
• Jaisalmer get very little rainfall, once in a year or sometimes not even that.
• At some places people celebrate it whenever lakes get filled up with water e.g in UTTARAKHAND new bride goes to bow to the spring or the pond.
• THE REASONS WHY WELLS HAVE DRIED UP…
• Water is being pumped up from under the ground, with the help of electric motors.
• The lakes in which rain water used to collect are no longer there.
• The soil around trees and parks is now covered with cement.

 

 

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

EXPERIMENTS WITH WATER

• All oceans and seas have salty water.
• The saltiest water can be found in the dead sea.
• Around 300gms of salt in one litre of water.
• No one can be drawn in the dead sea because of that much salt.(density)
• The person will float on the surface of water.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

A TREAT FOR MOSQUITOES

• In malaria Fever comes with Chills and Rigors.
• Medicine for malaria- bark of the cinchona tree.
• Iron can be found in – Jaggery, Amla and more green leafy vegetables.
• Flies spread diseases like stomach problems.
• Algae is a kind of plant which spreads in the rainy season (mostly).
• The scientist who peeped into a mosquito’s stomach- RONAL ROSS.
• He found out about malaria before this people believe that it’s a disease of bad air.
• Malaria is caused by a one-celled parasite called a Plasmodium.
• Female Anopheles mosquitoes- looks brownish with spotted wings.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

 UP YOU GO!

• Qualities of a Leader:

– Help others in carrying their bags.

– Let the group go ahead and keep to the last.

– Help those who cannot climb properly.

– Find a good place to stop and rest.

– Look after those who are not well.

– Arrange for food for the group.

• The most important thing is to be ready to be punished even when

someone else may have made a mistake.

 

• Vitamins and iron give strength and keep us warm in the cold.
• Tekla village is at the height of 1600 mts in Jhalrapatan (Jhalwar) RAJASTHAN.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• The angle of our body should be 90 degree while climbing and the back should be straight.
• Bachhendri Pal is the first Indian woman and the fifth woman in the world to reach the peak of Mount Everest.

A Shelter so High!

• Mumbai is the most crowded city of India.
• To reach Delhi from Mumbai one has to cross many states like Maharashtra, Gujrat, Rajasthan.
• The distance from Mumbai to Delhi is 1400kms.
• The roads of Jammu and Kashmir are difficult due to mountains.
• One has to cross Jammu and Kashmir in order to reach Leh Ladakh.
• People use Nylon tents on hilly areas.
• Ladakh is called cold desert.
• In Ladakh you’ll see wooden houses, houses with sloping roofs and covered in snow.
• Manali is in Himachal Pradesh.
• Ladakh is high, dry and flat called a cold desert.
• Ladakh gets very little rainfall.
• There are high snowcapped mountains and a cold, flat ground because of the dryness no plants and trees grow in Ladakh.
• In Ladakh ‘Jule Jule’ means welcome, welcome.






• CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• It was a building with two floors.
• The house was made of stones which were kept one over the other.
• The walls were coated with a thick layer of mud and lime.
• The house looked like a shed from inside with a lot of hay stored there.
• We took the wooden steps and reached the first floor.
• The ground floor is for animals and for storing necessary things.
• Sometimes when it gets too cold, people also move downstairs.
• Here ground floors have no windows.
• The thick tree trunks are used to make roofs strong.
• Red chilly, orange pumpkins and golden yellow corns are found in Ladakh.
• During summer season we dry many fruits and vegetables, We store them for winters when we do not get fresh fruits and vegetables.
• The thick walls, a wooden floor and a wooden ceiling protects the people of Ladakh from the cold.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• In Ladakh there are narrow, rocky mountain roads. At many places there are no roads at all.
• Changthang is at a height of almost 5000 metres. It has rocky plains there.
• At a very high place people feel difficult to breath, headache and feel weak.
• There are no petrol pumps and no mechanics there.
• Changpa – a tribe living on the mountains.The Changpa tribe has only about 5000 people.
• The Changpa’s are always on the move with their goats and sheep.
• They get all that they need – milk, meat, skin for tents and wool for coats and sweaters.
• If a family has more animals it is considered rich and important.
• From these special goats they get wool for making the famous pashmina wool.
• The Changpa graze their goats at higher and colder places so that the goats have more and softer hair (fur).
• They stay high up on these mountains in very difficult conditions because that is where these goats can live.
• This is their life and their livelihood.
• the Changpas carry everything that they own on their horses and yaks. It takes them only two and a half hours to pack everything and move ahead.
• The Changpas call their tents Rebo.






• CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• Yak hair is woven to make strips which are stitched together.
• These are strong and warm and protect them from the icy strong winds.
• In winters the temperature drops many degrees below zero! The wind blows at 70 Kms per hour.
• In changpa language Changthang means a place where very few people live.
• In Shrinagar you will see some houses on the mountains, while some on water.
• In Kashmir every lane has a bakery. Kashmiri people don’t cook roties in their homes, they buy it from such bakeries.
• Different kinds of shelters in Jammu and Kashmir – some on high mountains, some on water, some with beautiful designs in wood and stone, and some mobile shelters that can even be packed and carried to another place.
• Near the Rebo there was a place to keep sheep and goats. Changpas call it Lekha. The walls of a Lekha are made with stones.
• Each family puts a special mark on their own animals.
• The women and young girls count and take the animals out of the lekha.
• Kargil comes in the way to Shrinagar from Ladakh.
  

  CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

Houses of Srinagar!

. Houseboats- Houseboats can be as long as 80 feet and around 8 to 9 feet wide.

. Donga- These boats can be seen in Dal Lake and Jhelum river. From inside the ‘donga’ is just like a house with different rooms.

. Beautiful carving on wood can be seen on the ceiling of houseboats and some big houses. This design is called ‘khatamband’, which has a pattern that look like a jigsaw puzzle.

 

. In villages of Kashmir, houses are made from stones cut and kept one on top of the other and coated with mud. Wood is also used. The houses have sloping roofs.

. Some old houses have a special type of window which comes out of the wall. This is called ‘dab’. It has beautiful wood pattern.

. The old houses here are made of stone, bricks and wood. The doors and windows have beautiful arches (mehraab ).

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When the Earth Shook!

. On 26th January 2001, earthquake hit the Kutch area in Gujrat.

. We shold do these things when an earthquake comes…

– If possible leave the house and go to an open ground.

–   If you cannot go out of the house, lie down under a strong thing like a table and hold on tightly, so that it does not slip away. Wait until the shaking stops.

 

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

Blow Hot, Blow Cold

. This story has been written by Dr. Zakir Hussain, former President of India.

. The air coming out of our mouth can be cold or hot as compared to the temperature outside.

. Stethoscope is used to listen our heartbeats.

. The cold air comes down as it is heavier.

. The breath can be cold or hot according to the outside temperature.

 

Who will do this Work?

¦ To sensitise children to be respectful during their interactions with cleaning department of the school.

¦ So that children can think of some ways (machines, or other things) so that people would not have to do the work they don’t like to do.

¦ Gandhiji’s friend Mahadevbhai’s son Narayan stayed with Gandhiji when he was young.

¦ Teacher can use news items on issues related to ‘untouchability’ in the class to develop sensitivity.

¦ Bhimrao Ambedkar was from Goregaon in Maharashtra.

¦ The Indian Constitution was prepared under the leadership of Baba saheb Ambedkar.

¦ Interview (adapted) from the documentary film ‘India Untouched’ by Stalin. K.

 

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Across the Wall

¦ The Nagpanda and Afsana Mansuri Basketball teams are in Mumbai.

¦ Victoria Terminus Station (railway station) is in Mumbai.

¦ Discuss these to build children’s understanding on issues, such as, similar games for boys and girls, equal opportunities for all while playing etc.

¦ Sholapur is in Mumbai.

¦ Try to develop an understanding in children that players are recognized by their ability to play rather than by their caste or economic status.

¦ Bacchu khan playground is in Mumbai named after a coach Mustafa Khan.

¦ This chapter is about climbing the gender wall made by society.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

A Seed tells a farmer’s story

• Vangaam is in Gujrat.
• In old times good seeds were stored in dried gourd(lauki) coated with mud.
• Neem leaves protect seeds from insects.
• Undhiya is a kind of dish(sabji) prepared by keeping the pot upside down between hot coals. (undhiya means upside down in Gujrati).
• Undhiya is being eaten with bajra rotis and home-made butter, curd and buttermilk.
• By growing the same crop over and over and using so many chemicals the land becomes unfertile.
• Crotons plants give signal when the soil becomes dry.
• The roots of the crotons do not go deep in the ground. So when the top layer of the soil becomes dry, the croton leaves bend and become limp.
• The earthworms soften the soil by digging underneath to make tunnels.

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 WHOSE FORESTS?

• Kuduk is a community of Adivasi people in Jharkhand.
• The forests are disappearing – in their place mines are being dug, dams are being built.
• Torang means jungle in the kuduk language.
• Right to forest act was made in 2007.
• The land on which we grow one tin of seeds is called one tin of land.

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JHOOM FARMING

• After cutting one crop, the land is left as it is for some years. Nothing is grown there.
• The bamboo or weeds which grow on that land are not pulled out. They are cut and burnt. The ash makes the land fertile.
• When the land is ready for farming it is lightly dug up, not ploughed.
• Weeds and other unwanted plants are also not pulled out, they are just cut. So that they get mixed with the soil. This also helps in making the soil fertile.
• This is being done in Mizoram.
• The main crop here is rice.
• The people celebrate when the crop is ripened and they do Cheraw dance holding bamboos.

 Like Father, Like Daughter

• We acquire certain traits at birth from our parents and certain things or skills we learn from our environment.
• Polio is caused by a virus, it is not inherited.
• A doctor can be invited to spread information about these disease.
• Gregor Mendel was born in a poor farmer’s family in Austria in 1822.
• For seven years he did experiments on 28,000 plants in the garden of the monastery.
• Pea plants have some traits which come in pairs- Like the seed is either rough or smooth.

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On the Move Again

• Dussehra comes before the rainy season
• Farming of sugarcane needs much water.
• Puranpoli(sweet rotis made from jaggery and gram)- This is being eaten with a spicy kadi dish.
• Caravan is a bus or cart in which one can live with all the facilities.
• Rats have poor eye sights but have excellent sense of smell, touch and taste.
• In Nagpur they put sugar in dal.
• In dance the hands and face are used to convey feelings. These are called mudras and bhavs.
• The owl can rotate its neck backwards to a large extent.
• A bird’s feathers help it to fly and keep itself warm too. From time to time birds lose their old feathers and new ones grow in their place.

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ABOUT BRAILLE…

• Braille is written on a thick paper by making a row of raised points (dots) with a pointed tool. Braille is read by running the fingers on the raised dots.
• Louis Braille belonged to France. when he was three years old, he was playing with his father’s tools. Suddenly, a pointed tool hurt his eyes. He lost his eyesight.
• He had keen interest in studies. He kept thinking of different ways to read and write.
• Finally, he found a way – reading by touching and feeling. This way of reading later came to be known as the Braille script.
• This script is based on six points.
• Braille can now also be written using the computer.
• If you show the children the actual Braille script they will be able to understand it better.

 

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• In the beginning, pots were made of stone and clay.
• People made pots of stones by digging and scraping stones with their hands.
• Kahwa(tea) with almonds and cardamom is being taken in Shrinagar.
• The Dal lake is in Shrinagar.
• Tourists enjoy the ride of shikara in Dal Lake.
• Houseboats can be found in shrinagar.
• Birds prevent fruits from insects as they eat them.
• Bajju village is in Rajasthan.
• Symbols are important to make children understand about maps.
• Discuss the re-use of water.
• This would help the children to understand the importance of saving water.
• It will be useful to listen and adopt suggestions given by the students in this regard.

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

• Houses of different places…(ASSAM)
• To Make a Tank or a Tanka…

CTET PAPER-1 EVS NOTES QUICK REVISION 2021-22- Here are notes for Quick revision.

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